Стилистический компонент слова и его лексикографическое отражение
dial - this label belongs to this very group & indicates that the
pattern of use of a word or a meaning is too complex for summary labeling,
it usually includes several regional varieties of American English o r of
American & British English.
dial Brit - indicates currency in several dialects of the British
commonwealth; it indicates currency in one or more provincial dialects of
England.
3. Stylistic labels
sl. - is used with words or meanings that are especially appropriate
in contexts of extreme informality, that usually have a currency not
limited to a particular region or area of interest, & that are composed
typically of shortened forms or extravagant or facetious figures of speech.
non-standard - is used for a few words or meanings that are
dissaproved by many but that have some currency in reputable contexts.
substandard — is used for those words or meanings that conform to a
widespread pattern of usage that differs in choice of word or form f rom
that of the prestige group of the community,
These labels given in WNCD differentiate two main groups of the word
-stock of the English Language (which were considered above). But they
don't point out all the peculiarities of the word, its stylistical
overtones.
In LDELC & OALED these two groups are represented by a number of
specific labels which give a more exact description of the words
peculiarities & usage. But at the same time there is "a subject label or
guide phrase" that is used to indicate
n the specific application of a word or meaning a criptology, a
timepiece
n denoting terms (technical field) usage, which is introdused by a
lightface dash
used as a direction in music
usu considered vulgar
usu used disparagingly
n some usages are used in def initions.
used as a Brit,
title used esp. to express sudden pain.
Thus as we may see the WNCD'S treatment of stylistical notations is
rather peculiar. Instead of the labels, accepted for example in LDELC &
OALED, explanaitory phrases or guides are used.
And though nonstandard & substandard labels include precticaly all the
layers of the English Language, they don't cover all the stylistic
peculiarities that may have a word or a meaning.
Different approaches to stylistic notations influences a great deal the
understanding the exact information that this or that word carries.
The comparative analyses shows that differen t dictionaries give
different labels (in some cases) to one & the same word.
E, g.
prick - in LDELC this word is given as taboo, in OALED as !sl , in
WNCD as usu. considered vulgar, LE _RD as груб. , in ERD as груб.
the weaker sex in LDELC it has the label pomp ., in OALED - dated
sexiest & in the other dictionaries this word -group is not marked at all
In this case we may deal with the facts of new tendencies which are not
registered yet in the older editions of the dictionaries.
lovely is a very interesting case -in LDELC it is marked
infml.,becoming rare, in OALED - infml sexist , in WNCD it is not
marked at all, in LERD it ha s the label амер ., & in the others it is not
marked either.
nick - BrE infml, - LDELC
BrE sl - OALED жарг - LERD разг . -ERD
In this case it is difficult even to identify to which layer of the
English Language this word belongs & in which situations it is preferred.
For the other examples see the Application VI.
We may make the conclusion that it would be better if al the
dictionaries agreed to one and the same system of stylistic notations for
the purpose not to mislead the users in a proper choice of the word More
over , to our mind , the classification suggested by Galperin could be
taken or considered the bases of the system of stylistic notations.
3. Classification of stylistic notations in Longman Dictionary
of English
Language and Culture
The word can have different stylistic characteristics ranging from
regional usage to the personal attitude of the user. That is why it is
natural to suppose that there is a great number of words which have more
that one stylistic notations.
The comparative analyses suggested in the previous part and the proper
analyses of the stylistic notation's varieties used in LDELC conf irm
such supposition.
It was interesting to analyse different types of labels & their
combinations used in LDELC. As it turned out a word may have up to five
stylistic characterizations that are reflected in the notations. E.g.
bum(2) AmE & AustrE derog sl This word has four indexes shown by mean
s of the styli stic notations,
buster sl, esp.AmE.oflen derog There are five indexes of the styli stic
notation in this word.
amniocentes is med — only one index.
Here we deal with the words, which can be used in different regions,
can belong to different layers of the word- stock & have different
stylistic colours expressing the attitude. Some of the word's
characteristics suggest choice of usage.
behold esp-tit or old use
buggery BrE taboo or law
Taking into consideration all these facts all the labels & their
combination s used in LDELC were classified as follows:
1 . Labels of sementico-functional indication.
2. Label s of quantitative indication of indexes in one notation.
All the labels in LDELC we may devide into four stylistical groups
(Appendix VIII):
1.Stylistical labels (pure)
2. Stylistico-functional labels
3. Stylistico-sementical labels
4. Stylistico-sementico-functional labels
Stylistical labels include all the labels denoting words which are
limited to particular parts of the world or area, as the regional
indication is one of the microcomponents of the stylistic component of the
word & purely shows that the word is stylistically marked: carrfge dock
BrE
aficinado Sp
abortion Lat
bratwurst Germ
accommodations AmE
agent provocateur Fr
From the stylistical layers point of view here we find words belonging
to common literary vocabulary. ( foriegnisms, barbarisms)
Stylistico -functional labels include the labels denoting words
according to their usage & functioning. Here we may point out:
-purely stylistico- functional labels
access card tdmk it means that the word functions in economics and bu
siness,
AC/DC sl the word is used by a certain group of people -mixed
stylistico -functional labels
beaut AmE&AustrE infml the word is u sed both in American & Australian
English in informal situat ion s, billy-o BrE old-fash sl the word belongs
to British English and is used as the outdated slang.
bevy dial sl the word is limited to a particular area & is there as
slang. amp fml-tech it is a term used in formal situations.
Here we may find the words belonging to all the layers of the word-
stock of the English Language. As beaut belongs to common literary
vocabulary, bevy — to special colloquial nonstandard (non-literal)
vocabulary . Some words having the notation AmE old-fash, SrE becoming old-
fash may be referred to special literal vocabulary. Such labels as infml
becoming rare, infl esp.BrE belonging to words which come from common
colloquial vocabulary. But there is a number of labels that makes it
difficult to identify to which layer this or that word belongs because the
natations may indicate different layers.
old-fash BrE infml — as we considered it earlier the label old-fash
indicates special literary vocabulary & archaic words in particular, the
label infml evidently shows common colloquial vocabulary.
BrE oid-fash sl- where sl indicated nonstandard group of the word-
stock. The existence of such labels confirms the fact that there are
differen t degrees of bookishness &colloquialness. In accordance to the
combinations of labels the words marked, e.g. BrEinfmIsl or BrE old-fash sl
may be found bordering on common literary & special colloquial vocabulary,
such words may pass into another layer, (taking into con sideration I.R.
Calpe rin point of view).
Stylistico-sementical labels indicate emotional state, attitude of the
speaker by means of the marked word, in other words this label shows the
type of connotation that is typical of the word. E.g. bouncing (of babies
esp) appnec. - this word is u sually u sed about healthy and active people
with a kind of administration,
catchpenny derog - something that is cheap & useless, but is done to be
attractive. The word is used with negative connotation & show s not
delightful attitude towards such things.
Sometimes to show some peculiarities, some overtones of the semantics
of the word some additional indexes are used:
anatomy - 2. body of a person or animal - has the label often humor. We
know that in this very meaning thi s word is used frequently with humour.
breeches now usu. humor (in the meaning trousers). We may suppose that
this word didn' t have any emotional colour but nowaday s it has become
some stylistical connotations.
activist sometimes derog - sometimes this word may be used
derogatorily depending on the speaker 's attitude & emotional state.
Here we refer the label taboo, as prohibition of the usage is aroused
by the high emotions that are connected with annoyance when taboo marked
word is used. Prohibition is usually accompanied with the labels sl or
derog, because they may express annoyance as well.
ball (in the meaning nonsense) taboo sl derog. These stylistically
marked words belonging to this group we may find both in colloquial &
literary vocabulary & in nonstandard vocabulary, because emotions are human
being characteristics which are reflected in emotiveness & expressiveness
of the word s used by people independently on the layer.
Stylistico-semantico-functional labels combine all possible
characteristics that a word may possess. Both semantical & functional
characteristics are represented in such stylistic notations. Through such
labels we may consider the whole passport of the word (all the additions
to its main meaning).
boon-docks AmE infml humor accept the main meaning - a rough country
area far from any town , where few people live - we see that this word
belongs to American English , is used in informal situations (common
colloquial vocabulary) & the emotions that are expressed by this word are
humorous.
broad 2) AmE derog sl in the meaning woman.
We know that this word is used in American English Slang (nons
tandard) expressing negative derogatory emotions. That is why before using
this word regarding for women one should keep in mind and consider what
reaction one can call by such stylistical colours,
blue-eyed-boy infml esp. BrE,usu derog - someone favourite male person
— so we may use this word in informal situations keeping in m ind that the
British would understand you better than American & the fact that by using
this word one can offend somebody.
This stylistical group of labels include the words of any layer, that
is why the label s themselves should be examined thoroughly for proper
usage.
There is a group of words the labels of which indicate the choice of
usage.
beseem fml or old use (to be suitable or proper for) th e word is used
either in formal situations or by senior citizens,
appendage med or fml ( in the meaning an arm or leg) the word is used
either as a term or as a word acc eptable in formal situations,
bibulous humor or pomp (liking to drink too much alcohol) the word may
express humor or may show foolish self-important attitude, In some cases we
may face the fact that some stylistic notation's indexes suggesting the
choice of usage may be opposed to each other: either the functions or
sphere of usage are opposed or the emotions that can be expressed.
bible thumper AmE infml humor or derog (a person who tries to attract
people to Christianity in a loud & unpleasant way) . The choice of the
emotions depends on the emotional state of the speaker & his attitude
toward bible thumpers.
buggery Br taboo or law (for sodomy) the choice depends on the
situation whether it is a legal term or a vulgar word used to offend.
Such labels undergo the classification suggested in this part too
according to characteristics they express: humor or pomp - stylistico-
semantical group of labels, AmE infml humor or derog - stylistico-
semantico-functional group of labels.
The widely spread group turned out to be stylislico-functional group
which counts 68 label s, then comes stylistico-semantico-functional group
-42 labels, then stylistico-semantico-functional group - 22 labels, pure
stylistical group - 19 labels (for better view of the labels & their
classification in LDELC (Appendix IX).
As it was mentioned above a stylistical label may have up to five
indexes. To denote some peculiarities of stylistical usage such indexes as
usu., sometimes, often, esp., now, rather, not polite may be used. We
consider them to be stylistical labels too as they indicate temporal or
functional juxtaposition.
Taking into consideration all the information above we may point out
the following groups of labels according to their quantity of indexes
represented in them.
1 . Monolabels - one index. AmE sl taboo derog BrE
law rare apprec
2. Dilabels - two indexes. esp.AmE AnE infml BrEdial infml
humor fml or lit rather fml
3. Tnreeindexed labels. Sp AmE infml sl often derog old-fash
euph infml fml usu derog
4. Fourindexed labels Austr esp lit or old use esp.BrE infml,not
polite BrE infml sometimes derog
5.Fiveindexed labels BrE infml,esp. humor orderog sl, esp.AmE,oflen
derog. infml.esp.BrEusa.derog
Thus the stylistic component is reflected in the dictionary by means of
stylistic notations which may be of various characteristics, manyindexed
indicating stylistic overtones of the word & possible emotions that can be
expressed by this or that word, that helps to identify the layer of the
word -stock to which the word belongs & to use the word according to the
situation.
Conclusions
1. Stylistic component of the word is a stylistical structure of the
word which represents different stylistic characteristics &
overtones of the word carrying extra information of the word, its
functioning & usage.
2. Stylistic component of the word is reflected in dictionaries by
means of stylistic notarions (labels). But for the present there is
no one and the same system of stylistic notations that would satisfy
& would be used in all the dictionaries of different types. Such a
system is necessary for dictionaries not to mislead the users of the
language & especially those for whom the language is foreign.
3. Stylistic component is rather complex & complicated,wide & peculiar
what influences it's lexicographical reflection in dictionaries.
That is why the labels suggested in dictionaries form different
combinations to identify all possible & existing characteristic of
the word. Thus we may point out
n pure stylistic labels
n stylistico-functional labels
n stylistico-semantical labels
n stylistico-semantico-functional labels
Глава II
Британский и американский варианты английского языка и их
лексикографическое отражение в словаре
Все слова, имеющие в словаре пометы AmE/BrE, относятся соответственно к
американскому и британскому вариантам английского языка и являются
словарными пометами. Эти пометы указывают на территориальный признак и на
принадлежность слова к тому или иному варианту языка, что непосредственно
отражается на функционировании единиц языка в речи и на эффективности
коммуникации. Более того, слова, имеющие маркеры (AmE/BrE), помимо
территориальных различий могут обретать также функциональные, семантические
и функционально- семантические признаки. Наличие дополнительных
характеристик внутри варианта расширяет стилистический компонент слова,
ограничивая или расширяя возможности функционирования слова в речи.
Таким образом, мы столкнулись с внутриязыковой вариантностью
английского языка, стилистические особенности которой представляют в
стилистике особый интерес и являются на настоящий момент мало изученными и
проанализированными.
Внутриязыковая вариантность появляется в результате сосуществования
нового со старым в процессе развития языка, что (на примере АmE/BrE) можно
проследить в процессе исторического развития обоих вариантов английского
языка.
Особенно важно существование вариантности как проявление универсального
свойства языка – обязательной избыточности кода, что видно из наличия
множества диалектизмов, возникших в процессе исторического развития обоих
вариантов.
Вариантность – это свойство языковой системы, которое проявляется не
только на всех уровнях языка, но и во всех типах его функционирования.
Одной из причин внутриязыковой вариантности английского языка является его
функционирование в разных сферах деятельности и на разных территориях.
Сложившиеся в языковой системе английского языка вариантные отношения имеют
различную реализацию в функциональных стилях. Варианты английского языка –
это как бы обратная сторона функционально-стилевой дифференциации языка.
Каждый вариант характеризуется типичными для него отличиями на
фонетическом, лексическом, семантическом и грамматическом уровнях.
Различительные признаки английского языка в BrE/AmE охватывают не только
диалектные явления, но и явления литературного языка. В связи с этим
стилистический анализ, выявление жанрово-функциональных и эмоционально-
экспрессивных особенностей BrE и AmE является на настоящий момент важнейшим
элементом в процессе исследования языковых явлений английского языка.
В своих работах Швейцер А.Д. дал систематическое изложение основных
особенностей американского варианта в области фонетики, орфографии, лексики
и граматики в сопоставлении с британским вариантом, используя
диахроническое и синхроническое описание вариантов английского языка.
В данной главе мы попытаемся на основе анализа, сделанного Швейцером
А.Д., рассмотреть функционально-стилистические различия BrE/AmE на
фонетическом, лексическом и семантическом уровнях, а также проанализировать
разнообразие стилистического компонента внутри BrE/AmE.
1.Причины возникновения и этапы развития британского и
американского вариантов английского языка
Ряд особенностей и различий встречающихся в BrE и AmE становится
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
|