Стилистический компонент слова и его лексикографическое отражение
указывает на стилистический слой лексикона;
дает информацию о социальной принадлежности говорящего, его паспорте
(профессия, род занятия, эмоциональное состояние и т.д.);
указывает на временные характеристики слова.
Все стилистические окраски и информация, заключенные в стилистическом
компоненте слова, отражается в словарях при помощи соответствуюших маркеров
(помет, labels).
Маркированность (от фр. marquer - отмечать) - отмеченность,
оформленность, выраженность. На стилистическую маркированность (т.е.
наличие у слова определенной стилистической окраски) в словарях разных
типов указывают такие пометы как:
разговорные, просторечные, книжн.,офиц., офиц-делов., высокое
традиционно-поэтич., народно-поэтич.
lovely - infml, becoming rare - разг.
granny - infml - разг.
parky - BrE, infml - разг.
Эмотивная коннотация может в словарях указываться при помощи таких
помет как: шутл., бран., иронич., почтит. и т.п.
nigger - taboo derog
petite - apprec
bibulous - humor or pomp
При этом не следует забывать, что эмотивная коннотация входит в
стилистический компонент слова, следовательно, слова с такими пометами
будут стилистически маркированными.
Здесь можно выделить два основных типа помет:
словарные пометы (сюда мы отнесем пометы, указывающие территориальные
различия);
стилистические пометы (указывающие стиль, эмоциональное отношение и т.д.).
Оба типа помет в совокупности отражают стилистический компонент.
В следующих параграфах мы рассмотрим стилистические маркеры
(маркированность стилистического компонента) в словарях разного типа, а
также рассмотрим разнообразие стилистического маркирования в словаре
английского языка и культуры, Лонгман (LDELC)
2. Stylistic Notations In The Dictionaries Of Different Types
As it was marked in the previous part Stylistic component is
represented in Dictionaries by means of stylistical natations (labels). It
would be interesting to follow how the dictionaries of different types
treat the stylistic notations.
To have a good idea of such a treatment we have analysed six
dictionaries: three of which are English-English Dictionaries & the other
three are bilingual English-Russian dictionaries.
Stylistic notation depends on which stylistic layer of the language
this or that word belongs to. This is why it is necessary to give a view of
stylistic layers in the English Language and the stylistic notations in
juxtaposition with layers made by Galperin I.R. 1977); & than to analyse
how the dictionaries (used in the diploma paper - see Bibliography) use
the stylistic notations to denote stylistic overtones, stylistic
characterization of the word according to the classification suggested by
Galperin I .R.
Some lexicographers have a view that stylistic notations are important
for defining dictionaries only & are of little value in bilingual
dictionaries, where the translation must reflect the peculiarities of the
word . But this point of view is rather questionable, because experience
proves otherwise.
A great number of errors is made by the user, whose knowledge of the
language is inadequate, when using stylistically coloured words, very often
the user misunderstands the mo tivation behind the use of stylistic
overtones. It is quite natural to affirm, that both Russian and English
users should be made aware of stylistic peculiarities of each word, and the
more detailed such information is the more useful the dictionary will be.
A stylistic classification of the notations represented in the ERD by
Galperin seems to reflect to a great extend the mobility of the lexical
system so characteristic of the English language at its present stage of
development
The vocabulary has been divided into two ba sic groups: standard and
non-standard vocabulary . The standard vocabulary of Modem English falls
into three large layers
1. neutral vocabulary
2. literal vocabulary of a general ch aracter
3. colloquial vocabulary of a general character
All words with the exception of the neutral vocabulary are lab eled
(though as it wa s considered in the previous part the stylistic component
can be hidden in the semantical structure of the word, in its very
meaning).
Literary-bookish vocabulary can further be divided into smaller groups:
common literary vocabulary (a part of Standard English), special literary
-bookish words
Thus we may distinguish the following groups of the vocabulary (or
layers):
1. Special literary-bookish words which are labeled in the
dictionaries;
poetical words
poet bibl pomp emph rhеt миф библ возвыш ритор
archaic words
obs arch old use old-fash уст ист nonce words
2 Common literary vocabulary - fml lit
terms
tdmk tech chem bacterial etnol спец тех
foreignisms (barbarisms) Fr It Germ фр ит.
3. Common colloquial vocabulary infml paзг
This three belong to the Standard English Vocabulary.
4. Special colloquial vocabulary (non-literal) belongs to the non
-standard English vocabulary and fall s into subgroups:
Professionalisms naut med спорт.
Slang sl.
Dialectical words dial прост.
Jurgon жарг вор жарг
Vulgar вульг груб презрен derog vulgar
offensive taboo
Nonce words fig humor joc.
5.Non- standard colloquial words are unstable. But it is impossible to
draw a hard-&-fast line between common literary vocabulary & special
literary-bookish vocabulary, because the words tend to shift from one layer
to the other. The same is true of the common colloquial vocabulary which
penetrates into the neutral layer & is not impervious to intru sion from
the non-literary layer.
There are different degrees of bookishness & colloquialness: the words
marked fml lit may be found bordering on neutral vocabulary or lying so
far from the neutral layer as to be quite incomprehensible to the average
reader. The same is true of words marked infml which may either pass into
the neutral layer or linger on the fringe of the non-literary layer of the
vocabulary.
The notation sl (slang) is mainly used in the English-English
dictionaries ( in English and American dictionaries) & label the words
according to their character & the way they function, in the bilingual
dictionaries this label is rarely used, because of its ill-defined &
uncertain definition (meaning & understanding of the term).
It is necessary to mention other stylistic notations which are used to
identify the emotional meanings of the words rather than usage. These are:
эмоц-усил (emotional-intensive), ирон (ironical), усил. (intensive),
шут. (jocular), презр. (contemptuous), груб. (vulgar or law),paзг- груб
(low colloquial), humor, derog., вежл ,ласк.
The words labeled фр, лат, AustrE, Germ, Fr are used to indicate that
the word has not lost its foreign aspect or that its use is geographically
limited.
The conclusion comes that bilingual as well as explanatory dictionaries
should not only give definitions of words but should indicate their usage,
emotional meanings & geographical limits.
But at the same time it should be mentioned that though practically in
all the dictionaries the stylistical notations (labels) are presented
according to the layers existed in the language, the treatment of the
stylistic notations by the authors of the dictionaries differs. There is no
single system of labels that would satisfy all the dictionaries & the
analyses of the stylistic notations in the six dictionaries confirm it.
(Appendix VII)
As it was considered already the LERD gives the styligtical notations
(labels) according to the stylistic classification of the word -stock of
the English Language. The ERD doesn't give any classification of the labels
that are used in it And ER&RED doesn't give any classification of the
labels either, All the English-English Dictionaries give the kinds of
classifications of stylistical notation according to the author's treatment
this stylistical phenomena.
LDELC represents the types of labels used in it in the following
groups. (Apendix I)
1 . Labels showing region, denoting words which are limited to
particular parts of the world.
ВrЕ.AmE СапЕ CarE IrE AustrE SafrE IndE&ParE NZE ScotE.
Here belong labels that denote words borrowed from other languages
(barbarisms, foreignisms): .
Fr Germ Jf Lat Sp
2. Labels showing special fields or subjects, denoting words that are
used in certain fields of activity or certain types of writing ,
bibl — used mainly in the Bible
law — legal term—used in contracts, courts of law
lit - used mainly in literature
med - medical term used by doctors, nurses etc.
naut - nautical term - used by sailors
poet - used mainly in poetry
tech — technical term - used by specialists in various fields
As we can see the labels of this group include common literary
vocabulary (terms) & special literal vocabulary ( Poetical words).
3. Labels showing situations in which words are used, denoting words
which would only be suitable in certain types of situation. infml fml
sl.
These labels deal with common literary vocabulary & common colloquial
vocabulary, & with a particular group of words which is considered to be
slang & which is difficult to juxtapose with any layer of the English
Language because of the uncertain definition of the term slang , LDELC
suggests the following definition:
SLANG - very informal, rarely used in writing , used especially in the
private language of particular social groups.
Though we may consider slang as a layer of nonstandard (special
colloquial vocabulary - non-literary) close to jargonisms & vulgarisms,
professionalisms. Judging by Galperin's point of view this type is typical
more of the English Language.
4. Labels showing time, denoting words which are no longer used in
modem English (though they will be found in old books) & some of the
words beginning to be used less often.
old-fash - no longer common , used mainly by older people
old use — no longer u sed
rare or becoming rare — rarely used, or beginning to be used less
often . This group of labels serve special literary vocabulary (mainly
archaic)
5 . Labels showing attitude
apprec. - shows that the speaker likes or approves of something
derog — derogatory — shows that the speaker dislikes or disapproves of
something
euph - euphemistic - a polite or indirect word for something
unpleasant or embarrassing
humor — shows a joking or ironic attitude
pomp - shows a foolishy self-important attitude
These labels mainly serve to identify positive or negative connotation
of the word, that is why we may suppose that all these labels can be found
both in common literary & common colloquial vocabularies, as well as in the
group of nonstandard words.
6. Labels showing limitations on use
dial — a word belonging to the local speech of a particular area
nonstandard — a word regarded as incorrect by most educated speakers
taboo — a very offensive word which should always be avoided
tdmk - a trademark, whose use is officially controlled
These labels serve mainly special colloquial vocabulary the label
nonstandard differs from the notion that the layer nonstandard has, because
both dial and taboo belong to nonstandard, though from the other hand, from
the educated point of view of the words with labels taboo & dial. may be
regarded as incorrect. The label tdmk may be treated as a special term &
thus may belong to common literary vocabulary. As the analyses shows the
classification of the labels accepted in this dictionary is not exact and
needs more consideration, though the labels themselves are quite suitable
to show stytistical characterization & stylistical overtones.The variety
of labels used in LDELC we shall consider farther in the third part.
OALED suggests a bit different grouping of the stylistic notations
(Appendix II)
1. Currency, labels denoting words which are not used or used by some
older speaker s & some words that are found mainly in books written in the
first half of thi s century: dated archaic.
2. Region, labels denoting words which restricted to one country or
area
Brit US Scot S.African Austr NZ
Here belongs dial - the label that refers to words & meanings that are
restricted to particular regions of the British Isles not including
Scotland & Ireland. So this very dictionary uses the label dial mainly as
territorial characteristic of British Isles, though still belonging to
special colloquial vocabulary.
3. Register, labels denoting words which must be used with particular
care because they reflect a special relatioship between the speakers or a
special occasion or setting (which could vary from an official ceremony to
a relaxed meeting between friends)
! - denotes words or meanings likely to be thought offencive or
shocking or indecert. (though not necessarily by eveyone or on every
occasion)
In LDELC they use the label
taboo to denote such a group of words to show limitations on use.
sl -this label denotes a group of words inventive & often colourful
items generally used in a very informal spoken context. Such an item
usually belongs to or originate in the language of a particular social or
occupation group (e.g. soldiers, nurses, prisoner s).
In LDELC this label has practically the same meaning but is found in
the other group of labels which deals with the situations and often this
label is used with the label taboo infml - denotes informal words &
meanings, i.e. those indicating a close personal relationship & an
unofficial occasion or getting
fml - denotes formal words & meanings , i.e. those chosen when
speaking or writing in a serious or an official context to someone who is
not a close friend or relation. These labels are grouped together with the
label sl in LDELC.
rhet - rhetorical items are associated with writing or speech on seri
ous or elevated themes, especially on very formal occasions. the use of
such words elsewhere suggests a self-consciously pompous speaker or
writer.
There is no such a label in LDELC, but this very label juxtapose with
the label rhet in LERD & ERD. Thus we may infer that this group of labels
denote the words belonging to practically all the layers of the word-stock
of the English Language.(Appendix IV,VI).
4. Evaluation, labels denoting a particular attitude towards the
person, thing or action referred to.
derog - that one desapprovse of or scorns the person or thing referred
to or described by those.
approv - the opposite of derogatory ones, they suggest approval of or
admiration for the thing or person referred to or described.
offensive - words to address or refer to people usually with the
delibarate intention of their race or religion
euph - to refer to something unpleasant or painful in a pleasant
(because more indirect) way.
In LDELC the label derog is opposed to the label apprec & there is no
such a label as approv . The label offensive is not presented in this
dictionary.
iron - the label denotes words that are intended to convey a sense
opposite to the apparent sense.
fig - a figurative sense of a word is a non -literal (often
metaforical) sense which can be related by native speakers to an original
in the past, but it is no longer perceived, the label is not u sed.
The label iron is not given in LDELC, the label fig though represented
in this dictionary, is not considered as the stylistical one.
joc - label, denoting words which are considered to be funny,
whethergrim or innocent humor is meant. This label is close to humor LDELC
though they are still different,
sexsist - label denotes words that express (sometimes uncontious)
discriminatory or patronizing attitude towards someone of the opposite
sex. They are almost always words used by men about or to women & can be
used to express approval in a man-to-man context
Thi s label is rather new and modern and it is connected with the
woman's movement. In LDELC this label is absent.
5. Technical fields - words & meanings which are normaly confined to
technical use botany
chemistry
architecture
law physics
medical art
anat my cinema or TV
grammar computing
music
The terms covering the technical fields are more wildely represented in
OALED than in LDELC. In LDELC we find the labels law, med, naut, tech,
denoting the technical fields & belonging to the group, which shows special
fields or subjects. The label tech covers all the labels which are not
represented in LDELC, but are widly used in OALED.
If the classifications of labels in LDELC & OALED are close to each
other somehow, we can't say the same of WNCD. This Dictionary
differentiate three types of status labels. They are temporal, regional &
stylistic. The stylistic labels are con sidered here as a signal that a
word or a sense of a word is not part of the standard vocabulary of English
.(Appendix III)
1 . The temporal label
obs - for obsolete - means that there i s no evidence of use since
1755.
archaic - means that a word or sense once in common use is found today
only sporadically or in special contexts. The label obs is not used
neither in LDELC nor in OALED.
Galperin I.R. gives the following definition of the word obsolete - is
a group of archaic words that have already gone completely out of use bu t
are still recogni zed by the English -speaking community,
2. Regional labels denote words which are limited in use to a specif ic
region of the US. The labels here correspond loosely to one of the areas
defined in Hans Kurath's Word Geography of the Ea stern United States.
The adverb chiefly presents a label when the word has some currency outside
the specified region & a double label is used to indicate considerable
currency in each of two specific regions.
NewEng South chiefly North Southwest West Midland
Northaest.
Words current in all regions of the US have no labels.
A word or meaning limited in use to one of the other countries of the
English -speaking world has an appropriate regional label. It is explained
by the fact that the Dictionary is based mainly on American English.
chiefly Scot Irish Austr SoAfr Brit Canad.
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